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The extraction and use of natural resources and the handling of recyclable or renewable raw materials are often the cause of environmental problems. The resulting social conflicts stem from technologies that satisfy existing needs but at the same time cause environmentally relevant emissions or are considered insufficiently resource-efficient.
A lack of sustainability, an unequal distribution of burdens and benefits, and the marginalization of affected groups often lead to tensions. In particular, when technical measures adversely affect local habitats, human health, or traditional economic practices, protest movements, resistance, and—depending on the context—violent conflicts arise. The so-called “NIMBY” phenomenon (Not In My Backyard) also exacerbates conflicts when residents fear environmental pollution, loss of value, or encroachment on the landscape and feel excluded from decision-making processes.
The analysis, evaluation, and modification of such technologies, as well as the development of sustainable alternatives, are therefore central tasks of environmental science. In addition to technical aspects such as efficiency, emissions, and resource conservation, issues relating to social and societal impacts, acceptance, participation, justice, and the equitable distribution of burdens and benefits must also be taken into account. A comprehensive evaluation can only be achieved by involving all relevant stakeholders and promoting transparent participation processes.